key theories


  • The world's earliest surviving motion-picture film, called Roundhay Garden Scene. It's a short film directed by French inventor Louis Le Prince. 
  • The first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1898. 
  • The first film studios were built in 1897.
  • The first film was to settle a debate, Edward (1878)

  • Films in the 1890s were normally under a minute long

  • Films started without sound and it was introduced in the 1990s

  • Production Line- (made in factory)  Most editors and directors at first were women but when big money came into it men took these jobs.
Le Jardinier et le petit espiègle

  • All done in one take
  • One of first films made
  • no sound
  • 47 seconds long 



Classical Narrative Cinema

  • Emphasis of Spatial continuity - The audience always knows where they are at any time

  • Emphasis on temporal continuity - the audience always knows in what order the events have transpired, and any flashbacks and so forth will be clearly signposted

  • The film must be realistic - must not make reference to other films or popular texts 






  • The studio system - 
  • production - Making a media product
  • distribution - Getting the product out there
  • conglomeration - A corporation  that consists of a group of businesses dealing in different products or services. 
  • vertical/horizontal integration - Horizontal (when a company buys other companies in the same sector to reduce the competition for audiences), Vertical ( Where a company buys up other companies involved in different stages of production and circulation) 
  • regulation - The rules and restrictions
  • convergence - Two separate media industries come together (music video)
  • exhibition - The showing of media products
  • digital technologies - Technology that made possible through computers 
  • Ident - universal frame at the start of the film




Key theory 14 - The cultural Industries - David Hesmondhalgh



Universal pictures
  • The name “Universal” was chosen after the founder saw a delivery truck with the name “Universal Pipe Fittings” written on the side.
  •  Universal Film Manufacturing Company was officially incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. 
  • The first feature filmed at Universal City was Damon and Pythias in 1914.
  • At 29,500 sq. ft., Universal Studios’ Stage 12 is the 7th largest soundstage in the world. It was originally built for the 1929 musical Broadway
  • Universal’s first talking picture was Melody of Love.
  • Universal entered the 3-D market with the film, It Came from Outer Space (1953)


Key Theory 12 - Power and media industries - Curran and Seaton


  • The media is controlled by a small number of companies primarily driven by the profit and power
  • Media concentration limits variety, creativity and quality 
  • more socially diverse patterns of ownership can create more varied and adventurous media products
























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